Although CCD triple-wins can be achieved through projects, they do not represent the full range of outcomes. Results reveal that uneven outcomes are experienced between stakeholder groups and change over time. Household surveys, semi-structured interviews and documentary material are analysed. Thereafter, we explore the outcomes of two donor-funded projects that pursue CCD triple-wins in Malawi using this framework. This article develops a framework using a systematic literature review that enables holistic CCD outcome evaluation over seven parameters identified. Assessments of the full range of outcomes created by CCD projects and their implications for distributive justice are scarce. Moreover, benefits and negative side-effects may differ across time and space and have diverse consequences for individuals and groups. Interventions aiming to achieve CCD ‘wins’ (for development, mitigation, adaptation) can also create negative side-effects. However, the rate at which CCD is being operationalised has outpaced academic inquiry into the concept.

Governments and donors are investing in climate compatible development (CCD) in order to reduce climate and development vulnerabilities.

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